Multinationsl Enterprise's Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Multinationsl Enterprise's - Essay Example This would mean that multinationals have to invest in not only a change in strategy over a period of time but also carry out related activities like proper methods of hiring, removing inefficient employees, investing a little more on the units which are ready to default as well as strengthen the cash cow strategic unit of the company, all the same. Multinational institutions around the world have devised similar strategies so that they can cope up with the ever-rising pressure that they face from their direct as well as the indirect competitors. The direct competitors could be in the form of the partners who are strategically or at times tactically coming up with their customer-tailored products whilst being on the same end of some other strategic unit with the said multinational. The same has been seen as quite an ‘in’ thing in the business world of present times and all said and done it will continue to be the same for a number of years to come. [Jones, 2002] The change in the organizations’ strategies as well as structures guarantee that the company is present and willing to do more than just provide products and services to the end consumers. It wants to make the people realize that the company is there and wants to do its very best by tailoring its strategies in such a manner that can only benefit them nonetheless. After all, a company or an organization without the target people is nothing more than an office set up with employees and employers working for no one, at the end of the day. Also the fact that organizations need to evolve over a period of time is testimony enough for them to grow within themselves and thus adopt and hold on to a new path altogether, one that will be their torchbearer as well as reap rich dividends for them not only in the present times but also in the future. These strategies are so much in alignment with the future goals and tactical perspectives that they fulfill what is really expected of them, both in terms of short

Problems Facing Leader in Multinational Organization Essay Example for Free

Problems Facing Leader in Multinational Organization Essay Abstract This research suggests that there is a lack of congruence between the Iranian Institutes of Higher Education culture and the faculties desired culture. This conclusion is based on empirical data that indicate that faculties believe that they operate on a day-to day basis in a profession whose culture is characterized by an overarching desire for stability and control, formal rules and policies, coordination and efficiency, goal and results oriented, and harddriving competitiveness. Emphasizing this lack of cultural congruence, the respondents of this study also indicated that the faculties culture should be one that emphasizes flexibility, discretion, participation, human resource development, innovation, creativity, risk-taking, and a long-term emphasis on professional growth and the acquisition of new professional knowledge and skills, which is more aligned with the universities strategic external environment. One of the principal reasons for the popular interest in the study of organizational culture is to determine the linkage between it and organizational performance (Berrio, 2003). This study has reviewed a previously assumed but unverified connection between organizational culture and leadership styles. It has uncovered a lack of congruence between the dominant type of organizational culture and leadership styles. This observed lack of congruence may be inhibiting performance and unconsciously perpetuating a cycle of caution and an over reliance on stability and control. Key words: Organizational culture- Leadership styles-Higher education 1.Introduction An examination of the literature in the fields of organizational culture and leadership finds that the two areas have been independently linked to organizational performance. For example, researchers have examined the links between leadership styles and performance (see Bycio et al., 1995), and also  between organizational culture and performance (see Kotter and Heskett, 1992). Furthermore, numerous aspects of the organizational culture literature allude to the role of leaders in ‘creating’ and ‘maintaining’ particular types of culture (for example, Schein , 1992). Equally, the literature on leadership suggests that the ability to understand and work within a culture is a prerequisite to managerial effectiveness. However, despite the implicit and explicit linking of culture and leadership in many parts of organization theory, little critical research attention has been devoted to understanding the links between the two concepts and the impact that such an association might have on managerial effectiveness. The absence of critical literature exploring the effectiveness implications of the links between organizational culture and leadership is surprising given the numerous references to the importance of the two concepts in the functioning of organizations (see, Schein, 1992). The aim of this paper is to provide empirical evidence of the links between different types of organizational culture, a range of leadership styles and managerial effectiveness. This is achieved through the presentation of the results of a cross sectional survey of leadership style, organizational culture, and managerial effectiveness across nine universities in Iran. The paper begins with a brief review of the literature on organizational culture and leadership. This is followed by a discussion of the methodology adopted for the study and the presentation of the findings and analysis of responses to questionnaire exploring the links between the two concepts and managerial effectiveness. The evidence demonstrates t hat the relationship between leadership style and effectiveness is mediated by cultural congruence. In the final part of the paper, the conclusions and implications of the study are highlighted. As more and more universities enter into new arrangements in 21st century, the need to assess organisational cultures becomes more important .The term ‘organisational culture’ has proved difficult to define, but several of its important components are agreed on by most researchers. These include the norms, perspectives, values, assumptions and beliefs shared by organisational members. Due to the abstract nature of these elements, there is a considerable challenge for external researchers who want to assess organisational culture. It is even difficult for members of an organization to describe their own culture. Cameron and Freeman (1991, p.31) use the old  proverb â€Å"Fish discover water last† to illustrate the problem of assessing culture among those immersed in it. The aim of this study is to provide insight into the construct of culture and its relationship with leadership styles in the context of higher education institutions , and to discuss competing values framework as one of approaches to measurement of culture. The paper starts with a discussion on how the concept of organisational culture is understood in the setting of higher education institutions, and is followed by a brief introduction to the tradeoffs between qualitative and quantitative approaches to assess culture. Based on the basic psychometric requirements for measuring culture, this study concludes by identifying some of the implications of selecting or designing instruments for assess cultural differences in higher education institutions. 2.Organizational Culture and Leadership Styles Before attempting to describe the content of organizational culture, one should first know the concept of organisational culture. Organizational culture has been criticized as being conceptually weak, since it has been defined in many ways (Jelinek et al., 1983) and each definition emphasizes a particular focus or level. Since Schein (1992) published the book Organisational Culture and Leadership, more researchers have recognized culture as a multidimensional and multilevel concept. Schein describes three levels of culture. The first level consists of visible organisational structures and actions, such as dress code, facilities and procedures. This level of culture can be easily observed. The second level consists of espoused values manifested in the public images of organisations, such as strategies, goals, and philosophies. While not as visible as the artefacts present in the first level, these values can be ascertained by norms, the way things are done in the organisation. The third level consists of basic assumptions, or unconscious beliefs, perceptions, thoughts, and feelings. These determine both behaviour norms (the way people should behave) and organisational values (the things that are highly valued). According to Buono and Bowditch (1989, p.137-139), the visible elements created by an organization on the first level are treated as objective organizational culture, while the elements on the second and the third levels are concerned with subjective organizational culture. Most researchers agree that subjective culture is more important as a significant determinant of beliefs, attitudes, and behaviours, and it thus provides a more distinctive basis for characterizing and interpreting similarities and differences among people in different organizations. On this understanding, university culture as a particular form of organisational culture can be defined â€Å"as the collective, mutually shaping patterns of norms, values, practices, beliefs, and assumptions that guide the behaviour of individuals and groups in an institute of higher education and provide a frame of reference within which to interpret the meaning of events and actions on and off campus† (Kuh Whitt, 2000, p.16 2). While the term organisational culture is used as if an organisation has a monolithic culture, most organisations have more than one set of beliefs influencing the behaviour of their members (Morgan, 1986; Sathe, 1985). Cultural diversity appears to be more obvious in higher education institutions (Kuh Whitt, 2000, p.161). The ‘small homogenous society’ analogues used in anthropological studies of culture is sorely strained when applied to many contemporary institutions of higher education. Large public, multipurpose universities are comprised of many different groups whose members may or may not share or abide by all of the institution’s norms, values, practices, beliefs, and meanings. Instead of viewing colleges and universities as monolithic entities, it is more realistic to analyze them as multicultural contexts that are host to numerous subgroups with different priorities, traditions, and values (Kuh Whitt, 2000 p.161) . This study pays particular attention to academic staff and specifically those engaged at the departmental level. Therefore, from the perspective of this paper, the culture refers to values, beliefs, and assumptions developed within an academic department by academic staff and  those who manage academics through joint experiences over long periods of time. Nevertheless, disciplinary identity is not the sole source of the culture shared by academic staff members within an academic sub-unit. It is also subject to a variety of circumstances, such as national context, professional culture and organisational character (Austin, 1992; Clark, 1983, p.75; Và ¤limaa, 1998). 3.A Review of the CVF Model and the Study Methodology An Overview of the Competing Values Framework (CVF) Model The Competing Values Framework (CVF) evolved from the work of Quinn and Rohrbaugh (1981, 1983) as they attempted to circumscribe the elusive definition for a generally agreed upon theoretical framework of the concept of organizational effectiveness. This framework was chosen for this study because it was experimentally derived and found to have a high degree of face and empirical validity. Additionally, the CVF was identified as having a high level of reliability matching or exceeding that of other instruments commonly used in the social and organizational sciences (Cameron and Ettington, 1988; Cameron and Quinn, 2006; Berrio, 2003). The four quadrants of the framework, representing the four major cultural types: clan, adhocracy, market, hierarchy, provide a robust explanation of the differing orientations and competing values that characterize human behavior. The richness provided by the CVF is based on its ability to identify the basic assumptions, orientations, and values of each of the four cultural types. These three elements comprise the core of organizational culture. â€Å"The OCAI, therefore, is an instrument that allows you to diagnose the dominant orientation of your own organization based on these core culture types. It also assists you in diagnosing your organization’s cultural strength, cultural type, and cultural congruence† (Cameron and Quinn,2006, p. 33). In their research concerning organizational effectiveness, Quinn and Rohrbaugh (1981, 1983) statistically analyzed 39 indicators of organizational effectiveness as identified by Campbell, et al, (1974). Quinn and Rohrbaugh’s analysis resulted in the bifurcation of the 39 effectiveness criteria between two major dimensions. The first dimension, which is labeled the â€Å"Structure† dimension, differentiates the organizational effectiveness criteria between those that emphasize flexibility, discretion, and dynamism and those that  emphasize stability, order, and control. The second dimension, which is labeled the â€Å"Focus† dimension, differentiates the organizational effectiveness criteria between those that emphasize internal orientation, integration, and unity and those effectiveness criteria that emphasize an external orientation, differentiation, and rivalry (Quinn and Rohrbaugh, 1981 and 1983; Cameron and Quinn, 2006). Within each of these two dimensions there is also a third set of values, which produces an emphasis ranging from organizational processes, such as planning and goal setting at one end of the spectrum, to an emphasis on results, such as resource acquisition at the other end. Quinn and Rohrbaugh (1981) labeled this third set of values as the organizational â€Å"Means –Ends† continuum. The two primary dimensions differentiating between organizational values emphasizing â€Å"Structure† and â€Å"Focus† produce four clusters of effectiveness criteria as depicted in Figure 1. The â€Å"Structure† axis is represented 100 by the â€Å"Flexibility – Control† continuum, while the â€Å"Focus† axis is represented by the â€Å"People – Organization† continuum in Figure 1 . Within each of these four quadrants the relevant â€Å"Means – Ends† values are enumerated.

Jonathan Swifts Gulliver in the Land of the Houyhnhnms Essay -- Swift

Jonathan Swift's Gulliver in the Land of the Houyhnhnms In the last voyage in Jonathan Swift's book Gulliver's Travels, "A voyage to the country of the Houyhnhnms," Swift describes his idea of an ideal society. There are many examples provided in this part of the book to convince the reader that Swift is indeed illustrating his idea of a utopia. By using horses as the most reasonable creature, Swift not only defaces human society by making a beast a more powerful creature, but also shows that humans are unable to attain this perfectly reasonable society. The society that the Houyhnhnms live in is unlike any society known to man. The Houyhnhnms are perfect in the way they live their lives; they are always doing what is best for the society as a whole, as opposed to thinking only of themselves as individuals. They truly believe that the best interest for themselves is the same as the best interest of the entire species. When they choose their mates they do so with the best interest of the race as a whole in mind. "Strength is chiefly valued in the male, and comeliness in the female, not upon the account of love...," (217). This quotation illustrates that even when it comes to something like choosing their mates, they are not concerned with their own happiness. It is not even a choice that they choose to act in the best interest of the society; they do not know of an alternative way to act. They are raised to put themselves secondary to the health and well being of others. The Houyhnhnms are so perfect that Gulliver has to expla in many different basics of the human lifestyle that do not apply to their being. The Houyhnhnms do not understand the idea of justice because they are not capable of doing anything wron... ...to be extremely rational, in an effort to break away from his human tendencies. His attempt will not be successful as humans are full of passion, and therefore will never be purely rational. Gulliver eventually becomes insane in his attempt to be like the Houyhnhnms, which is Swift's way of showing that humans can not live in a society based on reason. In this section of the book, it becomes unmistakable that Swift is describing his ideal society and at the same time proving that it cannot be attained by humans. By making the perfect society one in which the ruling creature is in fact a beast in the eyes of humans, Swift portrays his hate toward the human race. This also precisely shows, that this is in fact his utopia, but that it is never attainable for human beings. Works Cited: Swift, Jonathan. Gulliver's Travels. Mahwah, NJ: Watermill Press, 1983.

Are British Prime Ministers as powerful as sometimes claimed? Essay

It can be argued that Prime ministers are almost omnipotent in the political system in the UK, this is due to the shear variety of powers in-which the prime minister holds, and the prerogatives that are taken advantage by the prime minister. However, checks on powers in the UK means that the prime minister is not as power as they appear, moreover, they are not separable from the UK political system, henceforth, they are controlled and limited within the system they are part of, thus, more often than not, prime ministers are less powerful then sometimes claimed.However, prime ministers are as powerful as they appear due to the multiple sources of power they control within the UK. Mainly, the prime minister has a vast amount of power as they are part of both the executive branch of government and the legislature, due to the fusion of powers in the UK political system, this means that they can create law and then use their representation in the legislature to force through the law. More over, prime ministers have many prerogatives that were granted to the queen as the head of state. This was seen in 2003 when Tony Blair used his prime ministerial powers to declare war on Afghanistan. Hence, due to the extensive variation in their powers, prime ministers are as powerful as they claim, as all parts of the government are open to their control, though prime ministers are not always able to exploit all these powers, but the power is there for prime ministers to take. Hence, in the sense of variety, prime ministers are as powerful as they seem. Contrastingly, prime ministers powers are very dependable, and in many cases, the extent to a prime ministers powers depends on the size of their party’s majority in government. This was portrayed by the weak prime ministerial control of Harold Wilson in 1974, when his minority Labour Party took government for all of seven months and achieved nothing. Thus, a prime ministers power is little if their party is not in a powerful position in government. This has been observed more recently with Cameron’s proposed reforms of the NHS, however, with only a 76 seat majority (provided by the coalition with the liberal Democrats), there has been incredibly slow progress, even with Cameron’s constant campaigning and push for the implement of the reforms. Hence, prime ministers are not as powerful as  sometimes claimed as they have little control over proceedings of government by themselves, it is only when they are accompanied by a strong position in parliament by their r epresented party that their objectives can be achieved. Thus, the power of a majority party on government is sometimes mistaken and thought of as a prime ministers power, thus making them appear more powerful than they are, Nevertheless, prime ministers are powerful in the sense they dominate political agenda within government. Since Thatcher’s domination of the political agenda of the privatisation of public businesses in the 1980’s other prime ministers have displayed their power in the same way. Cameron has dominated the political agendas since 2010 with his policy of the Big Society, which has been the centre piece for his leadership, thus it is constantly referee to throughout both the government and the media. In this case, prime ministers are as powerful as they claim, as they are the leaders in government, hence the political agenda is fully controlled by what they as leader wish to tackle most in government. Prime ministers set the tone for their leadership, they have the ultimate decision on the political agenda country and thus have a powerful image and position as all those in government, to some extent, must follow their lead; even if they wish to debate against the political agenda, thus they cast power over all those involved in government and parliament. On-the-other-hand prime ministers, like all people are confined by the events that take place around them, this they are not that powerful as these events define the extent to which they can achieve their aims. For instance, Brown’s power became very limited over the countries economics after the credit crunch of 2008, meaning that prime ministers are not as powerful as sometimes claimed because it is the events in-which impact their reign that control the extent of their power. Even when times were good during Blair’s leadership, and the economic boom of the 2000’s, Blair was only able to invest heavily in education and public services due to the fact times were economically good, not due to the fact he had power as a prime minister. Thus, a prime ministers power is dependable and elastic throughout their reign. Prime ministers do not have a set power, and cannot be as powerful as  sometimes claimed unless all the factors within government are in their favour, thus prime ministers are not as powerful as sometimes claimed. However, in the aspects in which a prime ministers have power over, such as cabinet, they do dominate and are as powerful as they appear. Both Thatcher and Blair dominated their cabinets during their time as prime ministers. Blair called cabinet meetings when he saw fit and developed the idea of â€Å"kitchen cabinet† in which he would select small groups of advisors, and even then it was mostly to inform them of his ideas on a policy, and to inform the members what was needed of them to achieve these ideas. Moreover, Thatcher dominated cabinet with such strength that it lead to the resignation of Geoffrey Howe in 1990, as he felt she dominated cabinet too much, or in other words, was too powerful for the good of the government. Hence, prime ministers are incredibly powerful in the sense that they can completely control the aspects of government in which they have some form of power in, and therefore in these aspects, much like cabinet, prime ministers are as powerful as somet imes claimed, if not more powerful. Contrastingly, power is these aspects of government are limited as they are still parts of government, hence this power can be weakened or even nullified by these aspects of government. It is these aspects that lead to the removal of Thatcher by her own party, and cabinet especially, in 1990. Blair also suffered a similar fate in 2007 as he was removed from power by his Labour Party. Therefore, though prime ministers do have these powers in government, it is the government which checks these powers and limits them massively. Thus, though prime ministers may appear to have limitless power in aspects of government, this power is hard to attain and sustain throughout their time as leaders. The powers are very often constructed by opposition parties in government and disagreements in cabinets. Hence a prime minster is not as powerful as sometimes claimed as their power is forever limited by factors outside of their control, mainly those also involved in government. Therefore to conclude, though prime ministers have a large variety of power, and in some cases can exert incredible amounts of power to dominate these  aspect, as a whole prime ministers are not as powerful as they appear. It is the checks and balances on these powers that make sure that the facade of a prime ministers power remain as such. The UK democratic system was created to prevent tyranny by a monarch, thus it also stops the over exertion of power by a prime minster; to prevent the same tyranny. Additionally, regardless of how much power one prime minster has, their power is an elastic model throughout their reign, reaching points of omnipotence and weakness, depending on factors that are mostly out of a prime ministers control. Moreover, a prime minster remains the first among equals, but these combined equals in cabinet and parliament have the closer to nullify a prime ministers power, it is for these reasons that prime ministers are not as powerful as sometimes claimed.

Othello Is a Play About the Desperate Need for Certainty

Othello is a play about the desperate need for certainty The theme of certainty pervades the play from the opening scence, and as it progresses, the quest for certainty becomes more desperate and frantic; not only within the minds and actions of the characters, but also within the audience as we become desperate to know and understand the outcome of Iago’s malicous plan. Shakespeare introduces the protaginist, Othello, to the audience through the malicious and predujiced tongues of Iago, Roderigo and Brabantio.Iago condemns Othello for favouritism and shows obscenley to Brabantio that Othello is an ‘old black ram’, the ‘devil’, a ‘barbary horse’ copulating with his daughter. Rodergio too describes him as a ‘lascivious moor’ and ‘an extravagent and wheeling stranger. ’ This causes Brabantio to feel certian that Othello, repulsive in his blackness, must have seduced Desdemona by withcraft, magic spells or drugs.The picture echoes aspects of medevil and Elizabethan traditions about the devilish, cruel and lustful nature of moors, and Brabantio would most certainly rather believe these acceptable truths as opposed to reality- his ‘pure’ and virginal daughter is partaking in a sordid affair. Othello’s own desperate plea for certainty is also evident from the offset. Although he refuses to hide from Branbantio and denounce his frabrications, he suggests that Desdemona should testify freely how their love came about.Some may argue that Othello holds a number of insecurities about himself and this is a prime example of him desperatly needing Desdemona to justify her reasoning for marrying him. After all, he displays an incredible vulnaribilty, ‘a free and open nature, that thinks men honest that but seem to be so. ’ Iago works on these traits and his pretended disapproval of the relations between Cassio and Desdemona rouses Othello’s curiosity, thence his ins istance that he be told, and finally his fear that Iago’s information, got in his duty as an honest man, will harm him.At first, Othello appears to be confident of Desdemona’s love for him as he declares she ‘had eyes and chose me’. Iago however finds weakness in Othello’s certainty and seizing his oppurtunity, advises Othello to watch Cassio and Desdemona discreetly. He adds that, of his own well-founded knowledge, Venetian wives decieve their husbands; that Desdemona pretended to fear Othello, when in fact she loved him, and that she decieved her father so completley that he believed she was bewitched. Unable to deny these, Othello draws the disturbing inference.Suspicion takes root, and is revealed by his hesitant ‘I do not think Desdemona’s honest’, and his command that Emilia be set to watch Desdemona. He is desperate to find truth, and underlying doubts about his marriage may have escelated by Iago’s revelation and O thello is eventually driven to find this certianty in his own shortcomings- his blackness, age and unpolished manners. Iago’s evil has infiltrated Othello’s soul and has induced him, as Iago had hoped, ‘to renounce his baptism, all seals and symbols of redemmed sin. The noble image that Desdemona saw in Othello’s mind has become corrupted, and and not before long is he humiliating her through false prophecy, and he fails to see the unreason of punishing Desdemona for a crime she has not commited. In the end, Othello is desperate to relieve himself of all guilt and is certain the the demi-devil has ‘ensnared’ his soul and body.Desdemona is another charcter who clings desperatly on to her certainty that Othello is a kind and loving husband. Out of her generosity and loving-kindness, she continually makes excuses for Othello’s harshness: ‘some unhatched practice†¦ ath puddles his clear spirit’- an ironic perception. Othel lo’s vision of her is utterly distorted; and she in her faith and certianty to him is unable to percieve his spiritual overthrough. His fierce accusations that she is unchaste and a whore she meets by affirming that she is a ‘true and loyal wife’, and desperatly wants Othello to believe in this certainty. In her innocece, she finds it impossible to believe that there are women who are unfaithful to their husbands in spite of Emilia’s down to earth admission.In the last dreadful scence she maintains her innocence and pleads for mercy. Her chastity, loyalty, her whole- hearted commital to her husband’s welfare and to any good deed is the only pure certianty throughout the play, and Desdemona unfortunatly cannot make Othello see this. Emilia fiercy defends Desdemona throughout the play and is certain she would never disobey her husband. Ironically, she admits that she would ‘make her husband a cuckhold’ in order to ‘make him a monarc h’, however clings to her husband’s integrity as she testifies to his vileness and Desdemona’s virtue.

Yamum essays

Yamum essays Lucas is a bored, gullible and foolish boy who unscrupulously allows himself to become emtowiled in events through the story. Strangely in the two major events, which dominate the story, it is Benoit, not Lucas or Alex, who is the more scheming character. The actual motives to cut the one tree left in the Cercle and to devise the Molotov cocktails that damaged the derelict building meant to house the Jews comes from Benoit! Equally noteworthy, and contrary to what readers might think of Alex being a troublemaker, Alex actually does very little scheming and stupidly follows Benoit. Benoit is the smooth-talking intelligent extremist right from the start. The very first time readers see him at the gun shop and one of the first things he does is to talk the shopkeeper into selling Lucas the gun. This shows straight away that he is a smooth-talking person. Right at the beginning Benoit tells Lucas, We want to act the way he acted, for the good of our country. (p74) Benoit puts ideas in Lucas head, as he wants Lucas to look up to him as a role model. Ill do anything I can to help you.(p74) Benoit then later ropes Lucas into the two major events. Benoit always thinks ahead. He fixes Lucas chainsaw and soon asks Lucas to cut down the tree for him in return. Benoit also thinks ahead before talking to Lucas as is apparent when Lucas says that the tree is on private property and Benoit stays clam I realised he had prepared thoroughly for this conversation. He had foreseen my objections.(p166) When Lucas tries to get out of cutting the tree, Benoit keeps on urging Lucas They fix my chainsaw for me and when they ask me for something, I tell them to get lost. (p168) Throughout the story Lucas is described and seen as a bored, gullible and foolish boy. The two major events, the cutting down of the tree and the Molotov cocktail events s ...

Proton - Definition of Physics Terms

Proton - Definition of Physics Terms A proton is a positively charged particle that resides within the atomic nucleus. The number of protons in the atomic nucleus is what determines the atomic number of an element, as outlined in the periodic table of the elements. The proton has charge 1 (or, alternately, 1.602 x 10-19 Coulombs), the exact opposite of the -1 charge contained by the electron. In mass, however, there is no contest - the protons mass is approximately 1,836 times that of an electron. Discovery of the Proton The proton was discovered by Ernest Rutherford in 1918 (though the concept had been earlier suggested by the work of Eugene Goldstein). The proton was long believed to be an elementary particle until the discovery of quarks. In the quark model, it is now understood that the proton is comprised of two up quarks and one down quark, mediated by gluons in the Standard Model of quantum physics. Proton Details Since the proton is in the atomic nucleus, it is a nucleon. Since it has a spin of -1/2, it is a fermion. Since it is composed of three quarks, it is a triquark baryon, a type of hadron. (As should be clear at this point, physicists really enjoy making categories for particles.) Mass: 938 MeV/c2 1.67 x 10-27 kgCharge: 1 fundamental unit 1.602 x 10-19 CoulombsDiameter: 1.65 x 10-15 m

50 Synonyms and Idioms for Give

50 Synonyms and Idioms for Give 50 Synonyms and Idioms for â€Å"Give† 50 Synonyms and Idioms for â€Å"Give† By Mark Nichol It’s better to give than to receive, and it’s easier to precisely describe giving than receiving, thanks to numerous synonyms for give. Here are dozens of them, with connotative definitions. 1. Accord: to give what is due 2. Administer: to give medication, to perform a religious ritual, or to carry out a punishment 3. Afford: to give in a manner consistent with the giver, usually something inanimate (for example, â€Å"The complication afforded us additional time to prepare†) 4. Allot: to give a portion or share, or by lottery 5. Apportion: to give in shares 6. Award: to give something that is deserved 7. Bestow: to give as a gift, with the possible connotation of condescension 8. Chip in: see contribute 9. Comp: to give something free that is normally paid for (a truncation of complimentary) 10. Confer: to give graciously 11. Contribute: to give among other providers or supporters 12. Convey: to give something originating from one party to another party 13. Deliver: to give something to the intended recipient 14. Devote: to give something useful or valuable 15. Dispense: see administer and allot 16. Dish out: to give criticism; also see administer and allot 17. Distribute: to give to a number of recipients 18. Dole (out): to give in small amounts 19. Donate: to give to an organization or other entity as an act of charity 20. Endow: to give an income to someone, or to give money for long-term maintenance or support 21. Endue (or indue): see endow and provide 22. Extend: to give so as to make available; see also proffer 23. Fork over (or fork out or fork up): to give money 24. Furnish: see provide and supply 25. Grant: to give consent or to concede; see also bestow and transfer 26. Hand down: to give an inheritance, either of material goods or of characteristics 27. Hand out: to distribute 28. Hand over: to give something intended for or due to another 29. Impart: to give from a supply 30. Kick in: see contribute 31. Lavish: to give generously 32. Mete (out): see dole (out) 33. Offer: to make available, or to give an exhibition or performance 34. Pay: to give in exchange for a product or a service, or to give or forfeit as penalty, or to give something intangible such as attention 35. Pitch in: see contribute 36. Present: to give in a ceremonial or formal manner 37. Produce: see offer 38. Proffer: see offer and tender 39. Provide: to make available 40. Pungle (up): see contribute and pay 41. Render: to give in return or retribution; see also administer, deliver, pay, and yield 42. Reward: to give in return for a service 43. Sacrifice: to give something at a loss or to give something for a belief or an ideal or for a purpose 44. Supply: see provide 45. Tender: to give something that is to be accepted 46. Transfer: see convey 47. Transmit: see convey 48. Volunteer: to give services freely 49. Vouchsafe: to give a reply, or to grant as a favor or privilege; see also bestow 50. Yield: to give as is appropriate or required, or to surrender oneself or a possession Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Grammar Test 1"Wracking" or "Racking" Your Brain?Prepositions to Die With

Science and nature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Science and nature - Essay Example e of this discussion is to discuss the relationship between science and nature by evaluating whether or not they are opposed or complimentary of one another. From a scientific viewpoint, there is a way to connect everything natural related to the earth and to nature. One can find that biological life is full of mathematical constants, physical constants and so on. For example, due to the earth’s gravity; the speed of terminal velocity is always the same for any object. This can be translated to the example that a feather dropped from a 100 story building and a rock dropped from the very same3 building; will reach the exact same maximum speed eventually which is of course terminal velocity. Other constants such as the boiling temperature for water or the freezing point of water will always be the same regardless of where one is located on the planet given that the water is not tainted. These examples are just a few of thousands of examples which implicate the certainty of scientific law. When switching viewpoints momentarily from a formulaic scientific viewpoint and observing the earth’s natural beauty from a position of wonder and awe, one does not need to know the freezing point of water to watch and take notice of the beauty of a snow fall in winter. Similarly, one does not need to know the mathematical representation of terminal velocity to appreciate the silent sway of leaves falling from their branches in autumn. Comprehending the connection between all things in nature; even from a highly calculated and scientific awareness, one can still be amazed at the rich colors of the setting sun at dusk or the inky grays of an approaching storm. One may look at the sky at dusk and take a moment to appreciate the full spectrum of colors represented while knowing that what they are seeing is refracted light from the sun which is simply being fragmented and redirected at the point of the horizon as the earth rotates through its daily cycle. Certain things

Reflection of learning experiences in elmentary ,middle ,high school, Essay

Reflection of learning experiences in elmentary ,middle ,high school, and college attended - Essay Example At first, it was unbearable for me but with time, I adjusted to the strange and dynamic environment. The most memorable moments in elementary school involve the use of cubes. The teacher distributed cubes to all the students to perform simple routines. To me this was an amazing phenomenon although by then it was it was very complex. This was meant to develop the cognitive aspect. However, accomplishing the task was more important at that very moment rather than understanding psychological development and the learning concepts. In addition to that, we had the opportunity to go to the playground. We played different games and sung happily, as we waited for the delicious food that I have not forgotten the smell even today. I am very sure that it was during these times that the aspect of individuality was implanted into me because I would interact freely with others and learned to say no or yes. My social aspect of life was also developed at this point in time. The world of science became so real to me. I enjoyed and envied the much that my science teacher new. They would just teach chemistry and physics without necessarily referring to their books. I thought I was not smart and that my teachers were geniuses, but I letter on came to learn that experience was their main weapon. The next level was so adventurous that I realized I was lying to myself when I thought I would make the best doctor in the world. It was at this point that learning took another dimension and I realized my potentials not as a doctor but as a Lawyer. I was greatly inspired by the way, the teachers were narrating events that happened many years ago with exact dates, gave me the desire to make the best barrister in the world. During the debates, I would make sure I argue my point as a lawyer. The outside learning events were so fascinating that I wished at one point that such period should be

BUSINESS LAW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

BUSINESS LAW - Essay Example Analyzing this movie from ethical perspective, it is clear that most of the crises were because of unacknowledged conflict of interest, arrogance, greed, lack of transparency and accountability, failed leadership and unethical conducts. These factors are some of the issues that fueled the industry to become out of control. According to the Inside Job, Ferguson clearly indicates the manner in which these practices caused the 2008 economic meltdown. While obviously everyone knows the conclusion of the unfolding occasions Ferguson depicts, his meetings with a number of the players in the emergency give extra knowledge into the bigger inquiry on the manner in which such a variety of brilliant individuals were included in a disappointment, so colossal failure that led to economic crisis. The film demonstrates the results when supposed capital is wrapped around the unyielding quest for a dogma, for this situation deregulation, with the goal that clashing information or restricting perspect ives are not permitted to impede. The many people from Ivy League commercial concerns divisions wielded a ton of force in the 30-year impetus for deregulation. They served as advisors to the business and were chosen for significant administrative or White House consultant positions. Ferguson brings up issues about the objectivity of those who were entitled with research, and in addition whether their trustworthiness was bargained by the issues of investment and tolerating expenses from Wall Street. For example, Scott Talbott, boss lobbyist for the Financial Services Roundtable, which campaigns for the main 100 banks, and Mastercard, fortification and monetary administrations, includes a huge number of the rescued banks. As noted in Ferguson’s inquiries, it clearly demonstrates there was satisfied with the impressive impact his group wielded in Congress since that is the manner of how

Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Philosophy - Essay Example Donald starts his argument by stating that the human race cannot only have one form of a conceptual scheme and that there are many people involved and different themes for the understanding of the notion. Donald states that religion still exists even in the monotheist people and thus showing an extended description of the conceptual scheme. He goes ahead to state that one idea can be very important in that it can assist in the development of greater ideas that would eventually lead to the rise of new concepts in the field of philosophy (Ludwig 18). David goes ahead to offer the example of the relativity theory as a product of this. In describing the theory, there is the explanation that the theory is an improved version of two different theories made by an early philosopher. The theory is a product of the theory of general relativity and special relativity. This brings about the contemporary version of the theory and thus diversifying the philosophical field of view. Further explanat ion of the concept of conceptual relativity leads to David explaining that there is always an underlying notion of confusion. This from the fact that a theme or a philosophical subject to receive acclamation as a part of a conceptual scheme, from conjoined ideas, there must exist some sort of connection prior to the combination that would show a later source of fusion in explanation. This factor has led to many rules being shunned with the statement that they do not bear the required factors for them to be schemes. David offers an analysis and example in explaining this. This is where he states that the schemes may have diverging viewpoints and thus leading to a difference in language. However, when people with different languages share similar sentiments among other factors that may show their link, they are then termed as having a conceptual scheme. However, he argues that language diversity may offer some sort of misunderstanding in terms of the fact it can bring about vague real ity. Vague reality is the form of illusion that makes the brain misunderstand or incorporate ideas in a manner that it should not. This is due to increased views from a particular language specifically brought about by different backgrounds. This in its sole entity hinders the concept of reality (Davidson 8). The ability to translate a particular language is one major factor that comes into focus when identifying whether conceptual schemes can gain diversity or it is a monotonous concept. The questioning of whether a person with completely different languages that cannot be translated between them lying in a similar manner or to a common language is a major one. The explanation offered for this is diverse among different philosophers but the conclusion made by David that it all falls down to two major notions. The first notion in relation to this theme and problem is understanding whether the lack of translation is complete. In terms of an incomplete translation, the understanding i s that only a few words in a given sentence cannot be understood while the rest of them are clearly grasped by a member of a different language group. This, David states, gains recognition as a diversified factor in terms of conceptual schemes. However, the second notion implies that if a certain language is completely misunderstood and that the member of the

Artificial Intelligence Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Artificial Intelligence - Assignment Example Alternatively, the simulated mind could be assumed to reside in a computer or connected to a robot or a biological body, replacing its brain. The following paragraphs will discuss various characteristics of this concept: A human brain consists of about 100 billion nerve cells called neurons, each individually linked to other neurons by way of connection called axons and dendrites. The signals of these connections are transmitted by the release and detection of chemicals known as neurotransmitters. This is established by neuroscience that the human mind is an information processing network with the help of neurons (Kurzweil, 2000). Neuroscientists have also stated that essential functions performed by the mind, such as learning, memorizing, and consciousness, are due to purely physical and electrochemical processes in the brain which are governed by applicable laws. If the information and processes of the mind can be separated from the biological body, then there will be no individual limits and lifespan of that body. Other than that information within a brain could be partly or wholly copied or transferred to one or more other subjects, which includes digital storage or another brain, thereby minimizing or eliminating mortality risk (Tonnoni & Koch, 2008). A computer-based intelligence program could potentially think much faster than a human. Human neurons transfer’s electrochemical signals with a maximum speed of about 150 meters per second, whereas the speed of light is about 300 million meters per second, it is about two million times faster. Also, neurons can generate a maximum of about 200 to 1000 "spikes" per second, whereas the number of signals per second in modern computer chips is about 3 GHz (Matthew, 2005). This is almost two million times greater and expected to increase by at least a factor of 100. In theory it could run about 1 million times faster than a real brain, experiencing about a year of subjective time in only 31 seconds of real

Human Trafficking Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Human Trafficking - Research Paper Example In addition to that, the paper will focus on two police reports which describe a range of human trafficking incidents, particularly child sexual exploitation. By examining these cases, the dissertation intends to clarify what exactly is driving the demand for trafficked individuals, influencing perceptions of the crisis, and what exactly is constraining legal initiatives to end the exploitation. Sources that will be included: (1) studies on target groups for trafficking, (2) United State human trafficking laws, (3) cities where trafficking is highest, (4) factors influencing the demand for trafficking, and (5) people’s perception influencing human trafficking. Furthermore, the research hopes to show that although some view the inadequacy of federal agencies, courts, or political parties as the central reason for the limited success in preventing human trafficking, it is societies’ ‘idea’ of human trade that is the root cause of both inaction and the discrim inatory nature of responses to the abusive practice. These misperceptions operate across multiple dimensions, including race, gender, ethnicity, class, caste, culture, and geography. Such misconceptions can hinder the proper health care services provided for trafficked victims. By assuming that all victims are of the same background or subpopulation may result in practitioners maintaining false assumptions and/or obtaining incomplete and inaccurate histories; resulting in unanticipated and potentially hazardous treatment strategies and outcomes. The research paper will then take a quick look at the effects of public misconceptions on the health care sector and at how further understanding of these misconceptions may help improve health care services provided to trafficked victims. The paper will specifically explain the importance of training physical and mental health professionals at identifying certain victims and their needs, as well as the importance of educating the public. In addition, the paper will analyze the effect misconceptions have on a full range of trafficked victims including sexually exploited children and immigrant women. Such an analysis will provide the basis for further research and hopefully initiate further interest on how societal misconceptions shape the dynamics and trends of human trafficking and the laws surrounding it. PLAN Human trafficking Human Trafficking is a considered to be a modern name for slavery. It is basically immoral crime against humanity. It encompasses recruitment, transportation, harboring or receipt of person by coercion, fraud, misrepresentation for exploitation purpose (Hart, 2009). Moreover, exploitation can have different shapes like sexual exploitation, forced labor or slavery. Furthermore, human trafficking is practiced more or less in every country around the globe. Every year, several children, men and women are trafficked either in their own country or to other countries. Reasons for growth of trafficki ng Today, the world we are living in is changing, because of continuous new innovation in technology. Globalization has resulted in increased growth of tourism sector worldwide, which has reduced the national barriers between

Artificial Intelligence Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Artificial Intelligence - Assignment Example Alternatively, the simulated mind could be assumed to reside in a computer or connected to a robot or a biological body, replacing its brain. The following paragraphs will discuss various characteristics of this concept: A human brain consists of about 100 billion nerve cells called neurons, each individually linked to other neurons by way of connection called axons and dendrites. The signals of these connections are transmitted by the release and detection of chemicals known as neurotransmitters. This is established by neuroscience that the human mind is an information processing network with the help of neurons (Kurzweil, 2000). Neuroscientists have also stated that essential functions performed by the mind, such as learning, memorizing, and consciousness, are due to purely physical and electrochemical processes in the brain which are governed by applicable laws. If the information and processes of the mind can be separated from the biological body, then there will be no individual limits and lifespan of that body. Other than that information within a brain could be partly or wholly copied or transferred to one or more other subjects, which includes digital storage or another brain, thereby minimizing or eliminating mortality risk (Tonnoni & Koch, 2008). A computer-based intelligence program could potentially think much faster than a human. Human neurons transfer’s electrochemical signals with a maximum speed of about 150 meters per second, whereas the speed of light is about 300 million meters per second, it is about two million times faster. Also, neurons can generate a maximum of about 200 to 1000 "spikes" per second, whereas the number of signals per second in modern computer chips is about 3 GHz (Matthew, 2005). This is almost two million times greater and expected to increase by at least a factor of 100. In theory it could run about 1 million times faster than a real brain, experiencing about a year of subjective time in only 31 seconds of real

Ethical Dilemma Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ethical Dilemma - Research Paper Example Thus Margaret should choose which is the most important thing for her either her gender roe or own personality. The point of any story, including all the stories depicted in films, is in description of human choice, which eventually leads to either good or bad consequences. However, unlike some common conceptualizations of choice that claim that choice deals with picking between good and bad, real choice (a complicated one) is always about choosing between equally either bad or good possible consequence. This means that each really crucial choice is an exclusion of something crucial. Ethical dilemma requires an exclusion of some morally valuable thing in behalf of another, probably more important value. So the two important values that the leading character Margaret Keane should choose between are her identity (personal interests) and social status (her social identity). On the very beginning of the film Margaret is described as an obedient wife and a good decent mother. She lives an ordinary life of an American housewife of 1950es, when women’s rights weren’t so developed and society didn’t take them seriously. Thus she identifies herself with the gender role of a typical woman she is used to playing. She believes that being a good mother is a part of the gender role, which cannot be separated from being a wife and being an obedient woman. So as far as her maternity is an important moral value for her, the only way she believes she can implement it best for her child is by playing the complete gender role parked on her by society. Although Margaret manages to get divorced with her husband who she cannot live with, she realizes that society doesn’t accept a single mother who has no professional skills in anything. She meets a man who seems to be a nice one, however eventually it turns out that he is a fraud who cashes in on sailing her genius artworks under his own name, keeping Margaret in shadow. Thus opposite value Margaret has is

Employee Handbook Essay Example for Free

Employee Handbook Essay When employers are putting together the employee handbook, they need to include some legal issues that may apply when there are any disputes or how go along with some procedures. The handbook is used to familiarize the employees with the policies and procedures that are to be followed in the organization. Employers may include certain provisions that dictate how the employees may carry out certain activities without putting the employer’s business in jeopardy. The employers should ensure that they use the right language that will be later be interpreted by the employees in the right manner and that may not be violating employee organizational rights. Most employers ensure that the employee handbook has certain restrictions that prevent employees from sharing the employer’s confidential information with outsiders. Such information is not usually available to the public and if it happens that it is leaked out, it would cause some damages to their business. However, it is under the National Labor Relations act (NLRA) that the employees are free to discuss details about their compensation or conditions against which they have been employed with other people who are not part of the organization. The NLRB prohibits employers from giving policies of this nature. One of the Sections in the NLRA states that employees have a right to join or form unions or even be engaged in concerted activities. However another section states that there are unfair labor practices that may be faced by an employer if employees join or form these unions or engage in other concerted activities. There may be problematic employee organizational rights that are under the NRLA but the employers can draft them in such a way that they are lawful according to the Act. The employers may include some anti-union statements that may be used when employees engage in unfair labor practices. Whatever provisions are included in the handbook about legal considerations such as how the employer may violate the rights of the employees and generally how each party should conduct its activities without hurting each other. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS With many and different types of employees from different parts of a nation or even region, there is always a need for the employers to have certain considerations concerning the ethical culture of the organization. The ethical culture of an organization defines how the employees are to carry out all the operations in the organization. Employees are supposed to treat customers with much respect since they are the major source of profits for the organization. They are supposed to take care of the interests of the employers and at the same time take care of their own interests. These interests should not be in conflict since they depend on the employer and the employer also depends on their efforts. The ethical considerations may also involve how to pass information to their core workers or the line managers or even to the top management. They are supposed to use a certain communication channel that has been specified in the employee handbook. Communication is one of the important aspects in a business and therefore employers may consider this as one of the elements that determine the public image that they depict to the general public. Privacy is also a matter of ethical consideration whereby the employees are obligated to keep information about their employer to themselves and not discuss their terms and conditions of their employment. Each organization and employer will have their own considerations to include in the employee handbooks but they should conform to the Acts of the National Labor Relations Act. Roger K. G. , Bankovich, C. Browning,J. (2005). What’s in Your Employee Handbook? Some Provisions May Be Harmful Rather Than Helpful Under the National Labor Relations Act. ASHHRA/IRI 24th Labor Activity Report. Papademetriou, L. (2003). Employee Handbook: We Scare Because We Care. London: Random House Publishers.

Supervisors and Managers Responsibilities Essay -- Organizational Stru

Many organizations and establishments have philosophies in how an organization is to be functioning and which positions are necessary to execute the plan. One of the crucial positions that make the establishment function is that of a Supervisor. The term supervisor is a word with Latin roots which means â€Å"to look over,† however, a supervisor is viewed as a person who is an immediate overseer to an employee at a workplace. The supervisor is the person an employee would directly report to for any work related situation. A supervisor plays an essential part of the management team that gives an organization purpose and leadership by being responsible for employees’ progress and productivity (Bittel & Newstrom, 1992). Supervisors and Managers share some similarities in that they oversee people however they have clear differences that can distinguish one from the other. Managers are usually occupied in four areas which include: planning, organizing, leading and coordinating activities for the organization. Like supervisors, managers give an organization purpose and leadership however their responsibilities are traditionally greater than that of a supervisor by executing responsibilities such as identifying goals, objectives, methods, resources needed to carry out methods, responsibilities and dates for completion of tasks (McNamara, 2010). Managers are considered to be the organizational group above supervisors and have supervisors carry out their mandates and have the goals reach out to the staff through the supervisors. Supervisors carry out many activities in order to keep their portion of the organization functioning. Supervisors are responsible for their direct reports' progress and productivity in the organization. Sup... ...s the chance for biased pay scales. A second use for a job description is to serve as a reference when the employee is due for a performance appraisal (McNamara, 2010). A rater can reference the job description if an employee feels that he or she did not think that a certain task that was asked of them was part of the job description. An employee should be familiar with the job description as well as the performance appraisal procedures before being evaluated. A rater can always reference the job description for the basis of a review and an employee can reference the job description if they feel as though they are being rated unfairly (McNamara, 2010). Both are vital as the job description allows for the employee to understand what is expected of him or her and the performance review states whether the worker fulfilled those expectations asked of him or her.

fahrenheit 9/11 :: essays research papers

1. Although most journalists would state that their main objective in reporting on a story is to maintain impartial, this with the onset of cable news stations as well as the internet has become increasingly rare. Cable news stations such as CNN and FOX news are increasingly influenced by the politicians and corporations which control most of their funding. As Michael Moore states in his documentary â€Å" Fahrenheit 9/11†, which ironically is another good example of bias in the media, the man in charge of Fox News’ decision desk on election night was none other then George Bush’s first cousin. I would seem impartially may be compromised in this situation. To say that the media worked together with the media to promote the Iraq war may be an exaggeration, however the media in know way held the government responsible for the fraud that they committed in invading Iraq. The media, whether knowingly or not, promoted the Bush Administrations agenda in Iraq by arousin g overwhelming feelings of nationalism in the American people. It then became unpopular, or un-american to oppose the war. In the case of the Iraq war the media failed to properly fulfill its responsibility of maintaining accountability in government as well as most importantly reporting in an impartial style. Saddam Hussein was a dictator, who through intimidation and force maintained his grasp on power. These are tactics used by many governments throughout the world, ironically including the Amercian government. Saddam had a history of human rights violations and corruption, although compared to other international leaders his transgressions can be considered moderate. For example, in countries such as Rwanda and Sudan far more extreme measures have been taken by leaders, while the international community did little. The Iraq war is based far more upon oil and power then it is freedom. Seemingly, the Bush Administration and their corporate allies saw an opportunity to control the world’s second largest supply of oil and thus, like any savvy businessman would do, exploited it.

Dickens Elicit Sympathy for His Protagonist Pip Essay

Charles Dickens was born in 1812 and past away in 1870. Dickens was born into quite a poor family. He attended a small school until he was 12 and got a job sticking the labels onto the sides of bottles. He did not enjoy this job to the presence of vermin on the premises. His parents and siblings got arrested for being in deep debt so Dickens visited them in jail. This led him into a route of life where he had no friends and no reliable source of money. After this he got a job at a solicitor which made him fell even more strongly towards his views that lie and law were unjust. He may have thought this originally because of his parents’ arrests’. Working at the solicitor made Dickens realise that money made life a lot easier and that lack of money brought poverty and sadness. Dickens started his writing career by writing for magazines and newspapers. Most of his money came from a monthly magazine. This is where a part of his story would be published in each issue of the magazine and the next part of the book is in the next issue. This encouraged the readers to buy the next issue and this brought Dickens his wealth. Although he was wealthy just then he would never forget the time in his life when he was force to live in poverty. I think that these life experiences of poverty and sadness may have inspired him to write about them. Such books as ‘Great Expectations’ and ‘Oliver Twist’ both refer to a poor child with no parents. This really shows that he is relating these novels to his own experiences. I think that Dickens may have wrote this book to really show the world was like for him but disguising himself at the same time. Maybe he wasn’t meaning to refer to his past life experiences but because he will never forget these times it probably came out in his writing even if he didn’t mean it to. When Dickens wrote for a monthly magazine he probably thought, if he left the story in a cliff hanger or left the reader feeling that they want to know more, then the magazine would sell more copies. He may have used Pip for this purpose, by, in the way that he makes us feel sorry for him in places where the magazine issue may have ended. He would have used things like â€Å"still it was all dark, and only the candle lighted us†. If the issue ended here then the reader will have just found out about Pip having to go to Satis House and will have just learned about Estella. The reader would want to know what the rest of the house is like and what happens to Pip while he is there. This quotation leaves the reader wandering if anything out to get Pip lies in the dark corridors. Dickens could be using the dark passageways as a way of showing how Pip felt about being in Satis House: he knows no-one; he is on his own and he doesn’t know what might happen to him. The dark corridors may be his thoughts about the place he s in and the way he feels about it all- very alone and not sure where he stands with the candle being his only hope, but there is hope. This could relate to when Dickens’ parents got arrested and he was left all alone in the dark, the corridors, with only the hope of seeing them and the chance of their release at heart, which could resemble the candle. Satis house would be laid out in a darker way than it would be today de to the time that the book was written. This was during the gothic era during which other books such as Mary Shelly’s ‘Frankenstein’ and Bram Stoker’s ‘Dracula’ were written. This gives you a feel of the time in which ‘Great Expectations’ was written in.  When Pip enters Satis house he is probably very afraid. This wasn’t helped by the treatment he faced from Estella. Though she called me â€Å"boy† so often, with a carelessness that was far from complimentary, she was of about my own age. She seemed much older than I, of course, being a girl, and beautiful and self-possessed; and she was as scornful of me as if she had been one-and-twenty, and a queen.  This kind of grown-up and almost insulting behaviour from someone his own age must have made Pip feel very intimidated and worried of the impression he would give as he clearly likes her when he says â€Å"being a girl, and beautiful†. He may think that if he does not behave in a way that she would consider as appropriate and accepted behaviour of an adult then he would stand no chance in getting to know her better. This makes us feel sorry for him because he is, again, the under-dog. This time to a person, who happens to be the same age as him as apposed to the building and the surroundings that he is in. As Pip gets over the original shock of being put somewhere he has never been with people he has never met before, he begins to take in the house and its surroundings. The house is a very scary place for Pip because he is not used to the vastness and also the dark corridors and hallways. â€Å"The first thing I noticed was that the passages were all dark and that she had left a candle burning there†. Had Pip been used to these surroundings in a great house then he would not have noticed these things but thought it to be normal. Pip comes from a poor family who live in a small house in the country which, again, shows that he would really not feel comfortable in a great house with dark rooms and corridors. During Pips visit to Satis House he meets a woman called Mrs Haversham. Pip’s first impression of Mrs Haversham are that she is a strange lady who does nothing but sit in her room and feel sorry for herself. â€Å"I found myself in a pretty large room, well lighted with wax candles. No glimpse of daylight to be seen in it†. This is the first thing Pip says in the book when he enters the room. He was probably expecting to go into an open room with large windows letting in the bright day from outside. Pip would definitely have been shocked to see Mrs Haversham sitting on her own in the dim light provided by many candles. When he sees Mrs Haversham he does think she is strange because he says, â€Å"With her head leaning on that hand, sat the strangest lady I have ever seen, or shall ever see†. This was probably quite an awkward moment for Pip as he almost certainly didn’t know how to react to seeing her, as he said, â€Å"Sat the strangest lady I have ever seen, or will ever see†. His views of Mrs Haversham are quite likely to be changed as he sees that everything that she has by her or on her is aged and yellow. â€Å"Everything within my view which ought to be white, and had been white long ago, had lost its lustre, and was faded and yellow†. This would seem very strange to Pip as most of the things in his house, that were meant to be white, were white and not allowed to age and go yellow as his strict sister-come-mother would not allow it. When Pip enters the room he says nothing of a greeting as he is so taken a-back by his surroundings and the woman sitting in the chair. When Mrs Haversham finally speaks and breaks the silence she does so in a way that shows to affection or welcoming. â€Å"Who is it?† This is what Mrs Haversham says in welcome to Pip. It’s not really what you would expect as a greeting so he probably felt a bit bashful.

Mkt Research

Assessment activity 1 1. 1   In conducting research on behalf of your organization or for a client organization, what factors could influence the choice of sources used? The intention of the research and also the types of products and services. 1. 2   Why can data and information cross-checks and cross-references be necessary when doing research? It is important not to rely on a single piece of information if you can avoid it, so also look for corroborating evidence unless the source is absolutely unimpeachable.Use reliable sources or cross-check and find supporting data wherever possible. Knowing how data was obtained is central to knowing its value. If the information comes from a survey look to find the sample source and size. Assessment activity 2 2. 1 Scenario: You have been asked to conduct research on behalf of the organization for which you work. Why is desk research the first research you should undertake? Their relative low cost, they can be an efficient use of time and they avoid duplicating research that has already been undertaken by others. . 2 What desk research sources could you use to collect and organize data? Company reports Data from previous research 2. 3 Why should your desk research include the collection and analysis of data relative to the organization’s current and past performance? It will help aid in the development of useful and useable hypotheses, accurately targeting research, designing and developing research tools. There is no point gathering information on the migration patterns of flamingos if the company is in the business of making clothes for the larger male.That is an absurd example, but if there are even subtle diversions between the company mission and your data gathering, you will be off track and have wasted energy and resources. Assessment Activity 3 Describe and explain the reporting formats that you have used or might follow when submitting desk research results. Normally each company has its own template but typically using chart and graphs besides tables and texts is a preferred way in most companies as it is clearer and more quickly understandable. Assessment activity 4 4. 1 Give 3 examples of hypotheses that you have used (or could use) when conducting market research.Salary packaging will increase loyalty and productivy at work Uncontrolled media undermines democratic government Plain packaging will not reduce the sales of cigarette. 4. 2 How do these hypotheses help to focus the research? A hypothesis will help to focus your research. It will help to guide the development of a research project and aid you in determining the direction you need to take and the questions to which you need answers. Assessment activity 5 5. 1 Why might a researcher choose to conduct qualitative research rather than quantitative research?Qualitative analysis provides information on how customers perceive a business, how they rate it in comparison to competitors and whether they plan to buy the organ ization products/services in the future. Also dealing with opinions, attitudes and behavior. 5. 2 Which method/s might be used to collect the data and why would you consider these to be the most appropriate? Processes used to collect customer information can include questionnaire surveys, face-to-face, written, and electronic or telephone survey methods; observational surveys; focus groups; product test results; retail audits.Data can also be collected, via desk research, from government organizations such as the Bureau of Statistics, the Census Bureau, from media companies, chambers of commerce, other research organizations or from university databases. 5. 3 What groups would you target and why? Customers, previous customers, stakeholders are often the target in a research, but it always depends on the information the company requests on its research. 5. 4 Explain what a measure of central tendency is and how it is used in analyzing market research data. Are measures used to locate the middle points of a distribution.The mean (average-obtained from adding all variables and dividing by the number of variables used), median (variable at the centre of the range) and mode (most frequently occurring variables are measures of central tendency). They serve to identify the points between the extremes. As an example, if a survey asked users of a certain product their age, measures of central tendency help to determine the typical age of the user. The youngest might be 10 years and the oldest 70. However, the values in between these extremes are the most useful for the marketer.Knowing that the mean (or average) age is 32, the median 34 and the mode 31, 32 and 35, indicate that typical age of a user is early thirties. Assessment activity 6 Complete the following table Method for collecting your data| Circumstance for choosing this method| Reason for choosing this method| Telephone survey| Large number of responses to a small number of questions required in a short peri od of time. | Efficiency and low cost per response. Responses can be qualified if necessary and data entry is immediate. | Focus group  | Effective when qualitative data is required.Can be expensive but can provide effective results. | Effective results and efficient scribe. | Formal questionnaires  | Inexpensive way to gather responses from a large number of respondents. | Effectively and can gather information to correlate performance and satisfaction among different groups of users. | Simple observational survey| Simplistic methods of conducting market research. | Can provide valuable and useful data. Determine who purchases what from where. | Mystery shopping observation  | Actual experience of the service| Is needed from a trained observer| Product testing  | New product valuation| Opinions for improvement| Informal discussion and feedback forms. | Gives you a simple and quickly answers. | Efficiently way and cheap processes which gives you answers in a short time. | As sessment activity 7 Why is it essential that market research plans demonstrate that they will collect information that will enable clear identification of customer needs, wants and expectations? It can be used to identify problems, strengths, potential markets, needs for change or to forecast sales of new or improved products/services.Customer focus is essential for success in the highly competitive markets of today. It should demonstrate to the organization exactly what is their customers or potencial customers require of them. Assessment activity 8 & 9 8/9a Explain how you might identify respondents for a product/ service survey. You can identify thru some surveys, segments and samples, questionnaires, focus groups and research such as: Geographic segmentation; Demographic segmentation; Psychographic segmentation; Beliefs and values; Lifestyle segmentation; stage of life; 8/9bWhich of the following are relevant in identifying and selecting respondents for marketing research Re spondent Characteristic| On a scale of 1-5 where 1 is important and 5 is not important – rate the importance (circle or make bold or delete unselected #)| A customer|      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   5| A potential customer|   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   5| Not a customer|   1  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   4  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  5| Was selected at random| 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   5| Was a stakeholder| 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   5| Required an incenti ve to bother| 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   5| Was interested| 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   5| Had the time and was available| 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   5| Was someone who disliked the products| 1     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   5| Assessment activity 10Why is preparation of facilities and equipment in readiness for the research procedure important? Preparation is the key to effective data collection. Staff should be fully informed about what is required, must be appropriately trained and must be supplied with the necessary resources. Assessment activity 11 11. 1 Wh at reports might an organization ask to be submitted after the surveying process has been completed? What types of information would the report contain? Written responses, verbal recordings, e-mail, postal results or data and sets of numbers collected as a result of focus groups or testing groups. Information like- numbers of respondents; ease with which respondents were contacted; -ease with which respondents were encouraged to participate; -ease with which respondents were able to use the survey format;   -numbers of responses in various information collection categories; – suitability of the survey questions and other resources; -costs applicable to the survey; – a general assessment of the success of the survey; -problems or issues that were identified during the research   -suggestions for improvements to the research process. 11. 2 How might survey tools be kept confidential and accessible only to authorized people? Safe Locks on door Passwords Assessment act ivity 12 12. What procedures should be followed to check the quality of the data collected during market research? Quality of the data collect will have to be considered and will include: Quantity, Type of responses and Depth of responses. Ask: – Did the survey questions elicit the necessary data? –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Is there enough significant and useful data to support or reject the original hypotheses? –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Were the respondents properly targeted? –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Were respondents correctly qualified? –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Is the data useful and does it meet its intended purpose? –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Can the data be easily analyzed to produce the necessary information? 12. 2 Why are quality checks necessary?The quality of the data should be checked as early as possible because decisions depend on valid and reliable data. Data quality can be assessed in several ways, using dif ferent types of analyses: frequency counts, descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, and median), normality (skewness, kurtosis, frequency histograms, normal probability plots), associations (correlations, scatter plots). Other initial data quality checks are: †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Checks on data cleaning: have decisions influenced the distribution of the variables? The distribution of the variables before data cleaning is compared to the distribution of the variables after data cleaning to see whether data cleaning has had unwanted effects on the data.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Analysis of missing observations: are there many missing values, and are the values missing at random? The missing observations in the data are analyzed to see whether more than 25% of the values are missing, whether they are missing at random (MAR), and whether some form of imputation (statistics) is needed. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   An alysis of extreme observations: outlying observations in the data are analyzed to see if they seem to disturb the distribution. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Comparison and correction of differences in coding schemes: variables are compared with coding schemes of variables external to the data set, and possibly corrected if coding schemes are not comparable. Assessment activity 13Select a market research project from your experience or elsewhere. Explain how the data for this project was aggregated and summarised and why it is necessary to summarise the data. Answer is enterprise and experience dependent so use an example: We had done a random sampling with our product which is a Brazilian meat. So we go to a night clubs early night and offer some of our product to customers and give them a sample of our meat and also a voucher which gives them the opportunity to come to our restaurant and enjoy our food with 20 % off discount. So when them coming back to the resta urant we can analyze the number of respondents by noting the number of vouchers collected and wrote a report.Assessment activity 14 Describe software packages or filing systems that could be used to record and manage research data. (Suggest search of www for brand names) SPSS – is a computer program used for survey authoring and deployment, data mining, text analytics, statistical analysis and collaboration and deployment. MS Access – is a database management system from Microsoft that combines the relational Microsoft Jet Database Engine with a graphical user interface and software-development tools. Minitab – is a statistics package. Assessment activity 15 15. 1 Describe a format that might be commonly used in an organization to present research reports. Suggestion: search of www for examples) – Title page – shows name and type of study, date, who produced it and for whom – Table of contents – Executive summary – brief statem ent summarizing reports main points – Introduction – details research projects background and objectives – Research methods – strategies and techniques used and why – Study data – includes all relevant charts, diagrams, tables and study results – Recommendations / Conclusions – Appendices 15. 2 Under what circumstances might you use charts and graphs? Give examples of the data that might be represented by specific chart or graph formats. Most common are graphs, pie charts, tables, histogram, time line.To compare what’s the proposed now and what was the beginning of the research is important to use charts and graphs, also to determine whether the research has highlighted any threats, opportunities, weaknesses, problems associated with the product/service/company under review. 15. 3 Why is it a good idea to utilize charts, graphs and other visual presentations of data? They can easily show results and statistics data also show changes, percentages, compare 2 data sources and make clearly if you need any kind of changes. 15. 4 How can a force field analysis assist in presenting data relative to proposed change and how does market research data contribute to the analysis? In determining whether a change is necessary, list the forces the change and those opposing the change.Balance them against each other to determine the necessary outcome. This is very much like a pro’s and con’s list. It shows whether the forces for or conditions requiring change are greater than those for not changing. It is important to keep in mind that the purpose of the exercise is to make the information clear, unambiguous and easy to understand. 15. 6. To whom might an organizations research report and findings be submitted? Whoever asked for the research and anyone they said to give a copy to. 16: Additional Questions Create two Quantitative questions, one using a scale another using check boxes 1- How useful to you was the orientation session at the College? please circle the number that best represents your opinion) Extremely  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Not at all Useful  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Useful   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   4 5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   6  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   7  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2- Did you know that when you recommend the college to someone and they then enroll in a course you can receive a $300 finders bonus? Yes  Ã‚   ____  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   No _____ Create two different qualitative questions 1 – Can you describe the orientation session at the college? 2 – How you feel about the money you receive for recommend the college?

Womens Rights at the Turn of the Century

Women’s Rights At The Turn Of The Century Elisha Enlow 11/24/2012 â€Å"I am woman, hear me roar,† (â€Å"Helen reddy -,† ) was definitely not a term known to the American way of life at the turn of the century. Women were nothing more than shadows of their husbands and the housekeeper of the home and children. Fitting for the term â€Å"barefoot and pregnant,† as that was the common role of most women. With many battles before them there were courageous women that would not settle, but laid the foundation that paved the way for women to experience a life beyond the shadow of the husband and the walls of the family home.A woman’s place would eventually begin to evolve, but this was a long tedious process that took years of stepping out and declaring their own freedom and rights separate of that of their husbands. During the turn of the century there were many things a woman could not legally do. They could not vote, hold public office in any state, have access to higher education and were even excluded in the professional workplace. The law had accepted and established a woman’s place was in the home, and her legal identity was that of her husband. Therefore, she could not sue, or be sued, nor could she make a legal contract or own property.She was not permitted to control her own wages or gain custody of her children in the event of a separation or divorce (Womans Rights). There were many influential women, even in the late 1700’s that had a vision for more. Catherine Beecher (1800-1878) and Sarah Hale (1788-1879) were part of the first efforts to expand women’s roles through moral influence. Beecher, the eldest sister of Harriet Beecher Stowe, was one of the nation’s most prominent educator’s prior to the civil war. Hale led the successful campaign to make Thanksgiving a national holiday, and also composed the well-known nursery rhyme â€Å"Mary had a Little Lamb. Frances Wright (1795-1852 ), a Scottish born reformer and lecturer spread her radical ideas about birth control, brought divorce laws and legal rights for married women. Then the first women to receive a degree in medicine was Elizabeth Blackwell in 1849. Phoebe Palmer (1807-1874) became a Methodist preacher known through-out the America’s and Canada (Mitz, S. , 2011). It was during the 19th century employment opportunities began to open up more for women. Women began to have fewer children and were not having them so young.The first half of the 19th century there were many improvements in women’s status, however they still lacked political and economic status when compared to men. A decade into the 21st Century, women’s progress can be seen- and celebrated, across a range of fields. Although we have not arrived yet, certain conclusions are nonetheless clear A statement made by Secretary of State Hillary Clinton at the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Summit, as she declared a tipping p oint for women, â€Å"When we liberate the economic potential of women, we elevate the economic performance of communities, nations and the world,† she said. There is a simulative and ripple effect that kicks in when women have greater access to jobs and the economic lives of our countries. † Greater political stability. Fewer military conflicts. More Food. More education opportunities for children. By harnessing the economic potential of all women, we boost opportunity for all people† (Ellison, J. , 2011). World War 1 affected women’s roles with a shortage of men needed to produce the massive amounts of war materials needed. Women were needed to work outside of the home.All of a sudden women and young girls could make a decent wage doing work normally done by men. This opened up a new world to many women who had lived in the countryside who were now taking jobs in the larger cities, riding buses, trains and even boats to escape poverty, or see new t hings. The war enabled them to test tanks, airplanes, weapons and perform other duties that formally had been male functions (Goodwin, R. , 2008). The 19th Amendment guarantees all American women the right to vote.Beginning in the mid-19th century, several generations of women’s suffrage supporters lectured, wrote, marched, lobbied and practiced civil disobedience to achieve what many Americans considered a radical change to the constitution. Few early supporters lived to see final victory in 1920 (www. ourdocument. gov, January 11, 2012). Progress was taking place in many different directions and avenues in the American life. Women struggling to find economic independence, and their place outside of the home proved to be a very long and challenging journey.Though there was some break-through with a few women receiving education and prestige, the doors were still not open to all. Let’s look at a timeline of a few events that had taken place that helped the movement of womenà ¢â‚¬â„¢s suffrage into present date: * 1833 Oberlin College became the first co-educational college in the United States; 1841 Oberlin awards first academic degree to three women. * 1839 Mississippi passes first Married Women’s Property Act. * 1844 Female textile workers in Massachusetts organize the Lowell Female Labor Reform Act. 1848 The first women’s rights convention in the US is held in Seneca Falls, NY. Many participants sign a ‘Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions’ outlining main issues and goals for the emerging women’s movement. * 1849 Harriet Tubman escapes from slavery and over the next ten years she leads many slaves to freedom by the Underground Railroad. * 1859 The successful vaccination of rubber provides women with reliable condoms for birth control. * 1868 Fourteenth Amendment is ratified * 1911 (NAOWS) the National Association Opposed to Women’s Suffrage is organized. 1912 Theodore Roosevelt’s Progressive Party (Bull moose/Rep) becomes the first National political party to adopt a women’s suffrage plan * 1916 Jeanette Rankin of Montana becomes the first American woman elected to represent her state in the United States House of Representatives. * 1923 The National Women’s Party first proposes the Equal Rights Amendment to eliminate discrimination on the basis of gender. It has never been ratified (E. Susan. B. ,2011). In 1940 Eleanor Roosevelt wrote about the progress of women’s suffrage. In her own words will read the thoughts of that time. In the old day’s men always said that politics was too rough-and-tumble a business for women; but that idea is gradually wearing away. There is more truth in the statement that men have a different attitude toward politics than women. They play politics a little more like a game. With the men, it becomes a serious occupation for a few weeks before election; whereas women look upon it as a serious matter year in and year out. It is associated with their patriotism and their duty to their country. This country is no matriarchy, nor are we in any danger of being governed by women.I repeat here what I have so often said in answer to the question: â€Å"Can a women be President of the United States? † At present the answer is emphatically â€Å"No. † It will be a long time before a woman will have any chance of nomination or election. As things stand today, even if an emotional wave swept a woman into this office, her election would be valueless, as she could never hold her following long enough to put over her program. It is hard enough for a man to do that, with all the traditional schooling men have had; for a woman, it would be impossible because of the age-old prejudice.In government, in business, and in the professions there may be a day when women will be looked upon as persons. We are, however, far from that day as yet (Roosevelt, E. , 1940). In the business and professional world wome n have made great advances. In many fields there is opportunity for them to work with men on an equal footing. To be sure, sometimes prejudice on the score of sex will be unfair and a woman will have to prove her ability and do better work than a man to gain the same recognition. If you will look at the picture of Mrs.Bloomer, made a hundred years ago, and think of the women today in factories, offices, executive positions, and professions, that picture alone will symbolize for you the distance women have traveled in less than a century (Roosevelt, E. , 1940). As the end of the 19th Century was drawing nigh, the accomplishments of women was growing like never before. Perhaps technology was to help with this as more and more families were finding access. With the radio and TV industry, it was bringing opportunities to women that were new and unique. Women were cast in TV shows, and becoming household names.Radio waves were being taken over by upcoming female voices that wanted to be heard. Life was changing indeed. Was this a slow change? Yes, but it was a change that would impact the shape of America from here on. Today’s generation can only read about the suffrage of women, and I know they find it hard to believe or comprehend just how far women have traveled in America to be known. From the shadows of man (their husbands) that women once hid behind, found their identity in, and trusted to make every decision for them to the twentieth century were it is only deemed odd to not see a woman involved in just about every aspect of life.From the centers of the home and shadows of the man have emerged beautiful, intelligent, powerful women who have shaped our country and helped to make it a better place. Whether it be teachers, business professionals, athletes, war hero’s, state offices, government, lawyers, doctors, astronauts, rabbi’s, preachers, airplane pilots, musicians, artist, rodeo, it is definite true that- women have made their mark on the fingerprints of the United States and are not going anywhere. I am woman- hear me roar!Here is to all woman of the past, the present and future generations. Be confident and bold and walk in such a way that you know where you’ve come from and even better,you know where you are going. There is nothing that can stop you now, if you set your mind to it. Gone are the days of no right’s and hiding in the shadows finding identity in the husband. Embrace the value you have and press on†¦there is no way to go but forward! References Mintz, S. (2011, 12 03). Digital history. Retrieved from http://www. digitalhistory. uh. du/database/article_display. cfm? HHID=630 Godwin, R. (Janu). Helium. Retrieved from http://www. helium. com/items/785688-a-look-at-1900s-men-and-women-roles Gillett, F. H. (2008). Retrieved from NARA website: http://www. ourdocuments. gov/doc. php? flash=true&doc=63 Barber, E. S. (1998). National american woman suffrage association. In Library of Con gress. Retrieved from http://memory. loc. gov/ammem/naw/nawstime. html Helen reddy – i am woman lyrics. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. lyricstime. com/helen-reddy-i-am-woman-lyrics. html